Friday, August 30, 2019

Khmer Replublic with Fall to Khmer Rouge


Image result for khmer republic
Khmer Republic Flag (1970-1975)

We used to hear about war in Cambodia in the past 50 years. Actually, we will also know about the change of regimes in Cambodian History during the war time. Khmer Republic was established by LON Nol and his ministers to combat the Northern Vietnamese invasion army inside Cambodia (Known as Viet Cong). Viet Cong used Khmer territory to fight the United States and South Vietnam government as the influence of communism-democracy war. 

During President of Cambodia, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, went abroad, there was an insurgency inside Cambodia between communism (Khmer Rouge and Viet Cong) towards the governments and Gen. Col. LON Nol decided to lead a coup to ousted communism from Cambodia. However, the forces of communism spread really fast due to China and Vietnam support with the fame of Prince Norodom Sihanouk at that time as he was in China. The situation became really worst from year to year and at last the force of Khmer Republic stopped with the hope for negotiation with Khmer Rouge while USA left Cambodia and South Vietnam behind as they made treaty with China already to support Norther Vietnam. Khmer Republic failed to protect its regime and at last Phnom Penh was completely controlled by Khmer Rouge who lacked of leadership and only followed the communism with imagination, but not reality of Cambodia.

The fall of Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975 was the shame of the world superpower to leave Khmer people behind without any help. Khmer Rouge started to kill million of people who worked for the previous government and among Khmer Rouge army was Vietnamese and Chinese army who was really angry on Khmer Republic. They took this opportunity to kill those of Khmer Republic in the name of Khmer Rouge. More than 3 million people were killed during the Khmer Rouge and only those who hid their privacy well was survivor from it. It is really historical lessons for Cambodian or Khmer to view the world as helpless, you must be independent on themselves to survive in this world. Don't ever expect others to protect you, but you must protect yourself first.

By: Steung Khiev


Sunday, August 13, 2017

Threats Contributed to The Collapse of Khmer Empire (Angkor Golden Age)




The oldest empire in mainland SouthEast Asia is Khmer Empire (Cambodia Today) starting from famous state, Nokor Phnom Kingdom (Funan) in the A.D. first century to A.D. 6th Century and then Komvuchak or Kompuchea (Chenla and Angkor) from A.D. 6th Century to the early A.D. 15th century. That is the point for the collapse of this strong empire. The golden era of this empire is between A.D. 802 to early A.D. fifteenth century. What to brief here is about how strong Khmer Empire collapsed. After reading and researching from various sources, we can assume some criteria for the fall of Angkor Capital (Yasotharakburak Royal Capital as heart of Khmer Empire).

The main factor of the fall of Khmer Empire is the pressure from coming new power of the north, Mongol Empire. There are many kingdoms around the world collapsed by army of Mongol, except Khmer Empire. However, Mongolian army didn't overcome Khmer army, but they did create the strategy for the continuous effects to the later fall of Khmer Empire. The only thing we can see is Khmer King sent a lot of Khmer armies to fight off Mongol in the north bordering with China at that time while Mongol already occupied there. Due to difficulty of the strategic geography in the north of Khmer Empire and her strong army during the reign of King Jayavarman VII, Mongolian failed to come to the south that is Khmer Empire. Anyway, to bring the peace to the region, the later Khmer King sent ambassadors to sign peace agreement with Mongol Empire by paying a tribute in exchange for peace in the mainland South East Asia. Mongolian King demanded a lot of wealth and a jar of liver and gall bladder from Khmer people. This evidence is known with discussion by recent Khmer historian about the jar of Khmer people's liver and gall bladder as tribute happened when Zhou Da Guan came to Angkor capital to take the tributes from Khmer to Mongol King in China and a jar of Khmer resident's liver and gall bladder that was said to take two times (Zhou Da Guan didn't agree on the first jar of liver and gall bladder by giving reason that that jar of liver and gall bladder was not from Khmer people and demanded Khmer King to take the liver and gall bladder again for a new jar). This picture shows the first loss of treasure and human life from Khmer Empire to Mongol Empire. We can describe that the reason behind this is Mongolian King wanted to lower down Khmer Empire that he wasn't able to overcome as other Kingdoms around the world. In revenge for the big loss of battle field with Khmer army, Mongolian started to help Annamese (Vietnam Today) to stronger their kingdom moving towards the south that is Champa and Khmer Empire. Also, Mongolian tribes mixed with Chinese tribes together strengthened other ethnics in the north area of Khmer Empire to reinforce their local army in order to move southward and to separate small states under Khmer Empire to be independent mixing with leaders of Mongolian-Chinese ethnics including Shan and Tibeto-Burman. Mongolian army supported these ethnics to fight and break off the territory of Khmer Empire and relative Kingdoms like Mon Kingdom and Champa Kingdom as a good example. Tibeto-Burman occupied Mon Kingdom while Annamese occupied Champa and until later also occupied the southern territory of Khmer Empire (South Cambodia or Kompuchea Krom).

Now let's continue talking about the Khmer Empire. Besides the loss power on the tribute states like Mon and Champa Kingdom, Khmer Empire saw a big threat occurring within her empire is Siam (Shan who Khmer King allowed to live in the northern area of Khmer Empire as the army to protect the whole empire along with Khmer army) and Lao (Shan tribes mixed with local Khmer-Mon ethnics like Mon, Khmer, Khmu, Kuy and Lammet). In fact, Lao and Siam leaders were coming from the same ethnic group of Shan, ethnics from southern China, but most local residents of their new kingdom are Khmer, Mon, Khmu Lammet, Kuy, other Khmer-Mon ethnics and small portion are Shan ethnics. 

The tribute Lao King township (King Pha Ngom who used to study in Angkor City and got married with princess of Khmer King along with 500 Khmer people specialized in arts and army) was prepared by Khmer King Jayavarman VII to create a strong battle field if Mongolian army came again, but later it became the big threat to Khmer Empire. Lao who was encouraged by newly separated Kingdom in the north with the support from Mongolian and kingship skills from Khmer Empire started to move southward and got many territories of Khmer Empire when the central power of Khmer Empire in Angkor Royal Capital (Preah Nokor Yasotharakburak) started to gradually collapsed. Lao created the new kingdom on Khmer territories called Lan Chang. Some Lao armies also occupied Mon Kingdom, Haribunjaya, and created new Kingdom known as Lanna Kingdom later gave birth to Chiang Mai Kingdom bordering with Sokhortey City (Sukhothai Kingdom). However, Chiang Mai Kingdom later was taken by Thailand at the end of 19th Century. Lao today is surely coming from the bloodline of Khmer, Khmu, Lammet and some portion of Shan tribe, Mongolian-Chinese Tribes (Tai-Kadai Ethnics).

Khmer Empire also saw other separated territories to become new independent within the empire like Sokhortey Khmer City (Later known as Sukhothai Kingdom under the Siam leader and his adopted Khmer Royal Prince, Ponhea Rong, Aka Phra Rong in Thai History), Sovannburak Khmer City (Suphanburi Kingdom or later know as Ou Thong Kingdom) and Lvothayakburak Khmer City (Lopburi and Ayuthaya Kingdom). These separated states from Khmer Empire after nearly one generation pass (100 years) of the death of King Jayavarman VII or 70 years after the coming Zhou Da Guan. With this view, we can see that Khmer Empire completely lost control on Chao Phraya basin from this period and had only stronghold in Nokor Reach Seima (Phimai or Vimai) for the northwestern area of Khmer Empire (now known as northeastern and western part of Thailand). In fact, Lvothayaburak or Lavo Kingdom and Sovannburak were still Khmer Royal related Family leading the region, but just they separated for another religion purpose that King of Angkor at that time (after Jayavarman VII) had conflict of religion between Buddhism from old reign of King Jayavarman VII and strong old religion, Hindu Religion. These separated states might want to preserve Buddhism as the bases of life with the motivation from Khmer-Siam King in Sukhothai who also sent their Khmer-Siam Royal Family to marry with Sovannburak Khmer Royal Family to control Suphanburi Kingdom and later Khmer-Siam Suphanburi Royal Family to marry with Khmer Lvothayaburak Royal Family to create new Khmer-Siam Royal Family for Kingdom in old Khmer Akyuthyea City. Later, Suphanburi Kingdom created Ou Thong Kingdom that occupied Akyuthyea Kingdom and created Ayuthaya Kingdom under the new King from Royal Khmer-Siam Royal Family line from Suphanburi. In order to give up on Khmer Empire line and adopted line from Siam of new Sukhothai Kingdom, this new king change their citizenship to Siam of all people in this new kingdom. At last, we can see two strong new kingdoms in Chao Phraya Basin were Ayuthaya Kingdom and Sukhothai Kingdom that relatively siblings separated successfully from Khmer Empire as planned and encouraged by Mongol Empire's concept. However, we can be sure that those residents in this basin are most from Khmer and Mon mixed with small portion of Shan ehtnics who used to live in Khmer Empire known as Siam and even King also coming from the bloodline of Khmer mixed with Siam. Their new Kingdom still used Khmer language in the royal communication and local people also use Khmer mixed with Siam newly created language (First created in Sukhothai by innovating on Khmer alphabet and vowels mixed with Mon and Shan language in the north area of Khmer Empire, but they still lacked of some characteristics to be the new qualified language, but they did after several sack of Khmer Capital from 15th to 16th Century for Khmer Literature). That came to the big threat for Angkor Capital that already weakened by the big loss of territories, people and tributes to support the Empire for mass construction and government. Also, King from Ayuthaya Kingdom successfully attacked Angkor Capital two times that really weakened Khmer Empire to collapse of Khmer golden age. After successfully sacked Angkor Capital of Khmer Empire, Ayuthaya Kingdom collected wealth, magical statues (now in Mandalay after Burmese army sacked of Ayuthaya Kingdom) and materials (Yant and tatoo) of Khmer Angkor, literature of Khmer along with Pali Sanskrit, arts and artists, army strategy, good ideology of Hindu religion (Devaraja and kingship), city planning documents and also fleeing hundred thousands of Khmer family to their new Kingdom. In this point, debates on Thai people today come from where should be briefly clarified that they are mostly bloodline from Khmer mixed with some portion of Mon, Lao and Shan (Siam). Another big success of Ayuthaya Kingdom was the successful sack of the strongest Long Vek Khmer Capital in the end of 16th Century with the trick of Golden Coin (Prak Duong), Siam Ayuthaya Kingdom (Preah Norensuan of Royal Family bloodline from both Ayuthaya Kingdom and Sukhthai Kingdom with warring skills under Burmese King Bayinnaung's adoption that later gained the independence for Ayuthaya Kindom from Burma and this king started to forget the bloodline of Khmer-Siam Royal Family) was so cruel at this time by destroying Khmer capital tortured and killed hundred thousands of Khmer people from Long Vek during the attack and fleeing them to Ayuthaya Kingdom. This time, Ayuthaya Kingdom also hit the jackpot for taking from Khmer Kingdom lots of treasures, Khmer Arts and artists, literature of Khmer Language and Pali Sankrit (Khmer Language Yanta which later known as Khom Alphabet on Yanta in Thailand today), Preah Ko and Preah Keo Magical Statues and hundred thousand of Khmer residents. The word, Siam, they called themselves and Khmer also called is derived from Shan commander (Shyam Guo) lived in Khmer Empire during the Golden Age of Angkor, but their real citizenship most is Khmer bloodline. Why millions of Lao in Thailand today because in the reign of King Fa Ngom went on war with neighboring country to enlarge his territories, he sent hundred thousand residents out towards the south and during the recent war, Lao also moved in another time with the permission of Siam King in 18th and 19th century along with Chinese to Thailand for their escape of the wars and to mixed with local residents who had bloodline mostly from Khmer and some of Mon (Siam King in 18th and 19th century also encouraged Mon people fleeing from Mon States to move to Lopburi and central Thailand today as well). It should be noticed that Thailand today still preserved the ideology of Devaraja and Hindu, ancient religion of Khmer-Mon (Ghost and Ancestor) mixed with Buddhism while Khmer in Cambodia nearly gives up and adopts only Hinayana Buddhism derived from Mahayana Buddhism of Khmer in the reign of King Jayavarman VII. 

Another reason for the fall of Khmer Empire in the golden age of Angkor was the religion conflict that we can guess that Khmer King and Khmer Royal Family in other strong cities within Empire had broken relationship between the reign of King Jayavarman VII (Mahayana Buddhism) and King Jayavarman VIII (Hindu Region). King Jayavarman VII tried his best to recover Khmer Empire after the sack of Angkor from Champa army. He chose Buddhism with his experience to be a monk in Sri Lanka and motivated by his in-law Mon Royal Family from Preah Ko (Pegu) which their princess married him. We are not sure who was this princess because during his reign only two famous women showed in history, Indradevi and Rajadevi as the Queen. That's why in Chinese records showed that King Jayavarman VII also had powerful control over Mon Kingdom of Pegu. However, some researchers believed with the Chinese historical record that this might be the trick that King of Pegu wanted to lower the power of Khmer Empire by changing the religion from Devaraja to Buddhism and also lowering the power of Khmer King in Angkor. This might be true after the change of religion, Khmer Empire got lots of internal conflict after the reign of King Jayavarman VII who was the only one to successfully complete his project with Mahayana Buddhism. Also, this is the first time in Khmer history that Khmer King got influence from his Queen of other states for the leadership on the Khmer Empire. Due to the effect of ideology from Mahayana Buddhism on the Devaraja of Khmer King, King Jayavarman VIII quickly ordered the prohibition of Mahayana Buddhism and destroyed many Buddhist statues within the Khmer Empire, especially Preah Nokor Yasotharakburak (Angkor Capital). However, it's already late and in return it gave the opportunities and the reason for some town Kingship to separate from Khmer Empire including Sokhortey (Sukhothai firstly separated by Siam Leader who ousted Khmer Governor there and established new Siam Kingdom), and by Khmer local township governor of Sovanburak (Suphanburi) and Lvothayakburak (Lopburi and Akyuthyea) and other territories in the north of Khmer Empire (Laos today) lost gradually after that. 

The last reason was the over population and mass city expansion and construction leading to the deforestation that in return causing the climate change in the region while water reservoirs might be deteriorated with the destruction of old achievement from the reign of Jayavarman VII and careless attention on those water irrigation system due to internal conflicts. The loss of residents' life on mass construction, large expenses, agricultural problems, health issue and the shortage of food for the increasing population. The big issues to the fall of Khmer Empire is the lost territories gradually along with people and tribute which usually supported the royal capital. The diseases also occurred to kill hundred thousand of Khmer people in the city. We can also notice that it might be enemy tried to destroy irrigation system leading to the weakened power of the royal city easily for later attack from the external forces.

Please further research! This is based on personal understanding from Khmer, Thai and other researchers that come together for this information!







Tuesday, August 8, 2017

Perception on the Name of Funan, Chen La, Chen Li Fu related to Cambodia​​ and Today

Funan is what? Fu in Chinese language refers to the abundance of natural resources or wealth while Nan refers to the south! In this case, Funan which Chinese record on Cambodia in the first century is really suitable for this meaning! Another thing is Funan is really similar to Phnom due to Chinese took only the ending word from Khmer Empire's name.
Chenla "ចេនឡា" is what? I don't really know about its meaning yet, but I do notice from what it is derived from. Khmer at this in 6th century, King Pheakveak Vorman changed our country to Komvo Cheak (Tes) "កម្វុជទេស ឬ កម្វុជៈ". In this case, Chinese noticed only the last word is Cho ak that they seemed to find only the suitable word is Chen Lak cos most Chinese usually used "L" in their words. That at last, they called Cambodia as Chen La. Another thing is Chinese also called in another word is Chen Li Fu, remixed between Chen La and Funan that they referred to the same country, Chen La Fu nan (Chen Li Fu). This name is still doubted by some Thai researchers as they have never known about our Khmer word and Chinese word used for our country name.
"ហ្វូណន" មានន័យពិតថា ទឹកដីសម្បូរបែបនៅភាគខាងត្បូងដែលស្រដៀងនឹងឈ្មោះនគរខ្មែរបុរាណគឺ "នគរភ្នំ"។ តើខ្មែរនៅតែហៅរដ្ឋកត់ត្រាដោយអ្នកប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្ដដំបូងថាហ្វូណនតទៅទៀតឬយ៉ាងណា? ហើយគួរស្នើអោយមានការកែតម្រូវឈ្មោះនេះដែរឬទេក្នុងនាមយើងជាម្ចាស់ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្ដ? នគរភ្នំពិតជាឈ្មោះដើមរបស់ប្រទេសខ្មែរមុននឹងប្ដូរមកជា "កម្វុជទេស ឬ កម្វុជៈ" នៅគ្រឹស្ដសករាជសតវត្សទី៦ ដែលបន្តមកត្រូវហៅដោយចិនថា "ចេនឡា" ("ជៈ" ខ្មែរអានថា "ជាក់ = ជៀ + អាក់" ដែលចិនអាន"ជៀ" មិនច្បាស់សំឡេងជា "ចេន" និង ប៉ៃឡាំៗៗប្រើ អក្សរ "ល" ឬ "ឡ" ច្រើន "អាក់" ប្រែ "ឡៈ" ទៅ​ជា "ចេនឡៈ" ដែលអាចក្លាយជា "ចេនឡា") រហូតសូម្បីនៅពេលដែលជូវ តាក្វាន់មកក្រុងអង្គរក៏នៅហៅខ្មែរថា "ចេនឡា" (ខ្មែរមិនប្ដូរឈ្មោះនគរតាំងពីគ្រឺស្ដសករាជសតវត្សទី៦មក) នាចុងសតវត្សទី១៣ដើម្បីមកនាំសួយសារអាករដែលខ្មែរស្នើទៅម៉ុងហ្គោលថានឹងព្រមប្រគល់អោយជាថ្នូរនឹងការដែលម៉ុងហ្គោលឈប់លុកលុយទឹកដីខ្មែរតទៅទៀត។ នៅពេលនោះហើយដែលម៉ុងហ្គោលបញ្ជាអោយមានការខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ខ្មែរស្រស់ៗជាច្រើនដាក់ក្នុងក្រឡជាវត្ថុមួយក្នុងចំណោមមាសប្រាក់ដំរីជាសួយសារអាករត្រូវនាំយកទៅ។ ចំណុចនេះ ជូវ តាក្វាន់បានសរសេរថាខ្មែរខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ខ្មែរស្រស់យកទៅថ្វាយស្ដេចចាម តែតាមការពិភាក្សាពិនិត្យពិច័យអោយដិតដល់តាមអ្នកជំនាញប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរគឺការខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ពិតទៅថ្វាយស្ដេចម៉ុងហ្គោលមិនមែនស្ដេចចាមព្រោះពេលនោះចាមអស់អំណាចហើយថែមទាំងនៅក្រោមខ្មែរតាំងតែរាជ្យជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧ ហើយថែមទាំងចំពេលជូវ តាក្វាន់មកយកសួយសារអាករទៀត។ រឿងអីខ្មែរត្រូវនាំសួយសារអាករទៅចាម? មួយចំណុចនៃការបកស្រាយគឺថ្នាំចិនសែប្រើប្រម៉ាត់មនុស្សជាឱសថយ៉ាងពូកែ សូម្បីសម័យប៉ុល ពតក៏ពួកចិនសែជាអ្នកខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់អ្នកទោសខ្មែរថែមទៀតផង។ ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តពិតនាំអោយខ្មែរល្មមដឹងនរណានៅពីក្រោយខ្នងការដួលរលំអំណាចព្រះនគរខ្មែរនៃរាជធានីយសោធរបុរៈ។ តើពួកស្យាមកុក (សៀម សាននិងលាវ) មកពីណា? ពួកនេះមានទំនាក់ទំនងអីនឹងពួកម៉ុងហ្គោល? ហេតុដូចម្ដេចបានជាតុងកឹង(វៀតណាមសព្វថ្ងៃ) ចាប់ផ្ដើមខ្លាំងតាំងពីជួបអធិរាជម៉ុងហ្គោលដោយលេបបានទាំងទឹកដីចាមនិិងខ្មែរក្រោមដែលសុទ្ធតែធ្លាប់នៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ព្រះនគរខ្មែរយសោធរបុរៈ?
អ្វីដែលគួរអោយកត់សម្គាល់គឺតាំងពីព្រះនគរខ្មែរយសោធរបុរៈចុះខ្សោយ រដ្ឋតូចៗជាច្រើនបំបែកចេញពីខ្មែរ ហើយក្នុងរដ្ឋតូចៗទាំងនោះគ្រប់ទីកន្លែងគឺមានលំហូរជនជាតិអំបូរចិនម៉ុងហ្គោលចុះមកជាហូរហែនៅវាលទំនាបមេណាម​ (មេទឹកចៅព្រះរាជា ឬ ចៅផ្រះយ៉ា) និងតាមវៀតណាមក៏មានពួកចោរសមុទ្រចិិនចុះមកនៅដល់កម្ពុជាក្រោមរបស់ខ្មែរដែលពួកនេះជួយវៀតណាមជាងខ្មែររហូតទឹកដីនេះត្រូវផ្ដាច់ចេញពីខ្មែរ។ អំបូរចិនមិនមែនចុះត្រឹមខ្មែរតែគឺចុះមកដល់សាំងហ្គាពួរជាឩទាហរណ៍ដែលជារដ្ឋជនជាតិចិននៅអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍និងម៉ាឡេស៊ីសឹងតែមានជម្លោះជាតិសាសន៍ថែមទៀតផង។ ចំណែកនៅខ្មែរ បើសម័យប៉ុល ពតបន្តនឹងមានការបង្កាត់ពូជខ្មែរចិនដើម្បីបង្កើតប្រទេសថ្មី ប្រជាជនថ្មីដូចមានអ្នកដឹងស្រាប់ក្នុងការមានសហជីវិនប្រុសៗចិនចូលមកបង្កាត់ពូជតាមគោលគំនិតជ្រុលនិយមរបស់ប៉ុលពតដែលជឿស៊ុបគោលនយោបាយលោតផ្លោះមហាអស្ចារ្យតែក៏គឺមហារលាយសម្រាប់ជនជាតិខ្មែរដែលជួបមេដឹកនាំស្រមើស្រមៃមិនដឹងខ្យល់អីពីប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រពិត។ អ្នកដែលនៅពីក្រោយពិតអ្នកគ្រប់គ្នាគួរដឹងថាជានរណា? ហេតអ្វីខ្មែរត្រូវមានសង្គ្រាមក្នុងសម័យសង្គមរាស្រ្តនិយម? នរណាជំរុញអោយស្ដេចសីហនុលូកដៃក្នុងសង្គ្រាមវៀតណាមដោយយកខ្មែរជាមូលដ្ឋានទ័ព? ហើយខ្មែរទៅផ្លូវណាក៏រងគ្រោះ? អាមេរិកទម្លាក់គ្រាប់បែកហើយវៀតណាមក៏លុកលុយប្រើធនធានធ្វើអោយសេដ្ឋកិច្ចខ្មែរសម័យនោះធ្លាក់ចុះងើបមុខលែងរួច? នរណាបន្លឺពាក្យចចាមអារាមអោយកើតចលាចលកើតរបបសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរដែលអោយដៃរបបខ្មែរក្រហមឡើងកាន់អំណាចទៅជាជ្រុលនិយមដើរតាមនយោបាយមហាលោតផ្លោះដូចចិននាំអោយប្រជាជនស្លាប់រង្គាលនិងចង់បង្កាត់ពូជខ្មែរនិងចិនទៅជាប្រជាជនថ្មី? ហើយតើសព្វថ្ងៃនៅឥណ្ឌូចិននេះ រ៉ែអ្វីខ្លះដែលត្រូវគេបូមមិនចេះឈប់ឈរនិងដោយនរណាជាពិសេស? "កុំមើលតែអ្នកជិត តែភ្លេចអ្នកឆ្ងាយ"

Perception on Khmer Word "អញ" and "ខ្ញុំ"

"អញ" មិនមែនជាពាក្យអសុរស បើយើងសង្កេតទៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់ពាក្យបុរាណខ្មែរតែមានឋានៈខ្ពង់ខ្ពស់លើសគេ ឧទាហរណ៍ ព្រះកម្រតេងអញ (ព្រះចៅអញ)។ ចំណែកពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ជាពាក្យសម្រាប់អ្នកមានឋានៈទាបក្នុងសង្គមសម័យព្រះនគរយសោធរបុរៈប្រើព្រោះបញ្ជាក់ពីឋានៈក្នុងវណ្ណៈខ្ញុំព្រះឬពលព្រះ។ ឩទាហរណ៍ និយមន័យនៃពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ក្នុងវចនានុក្រមសម្ដេចសង្ឃរាជជោតញ្ញាណោ ជួន ណាត បានសម្រាយថាស្ថិតក្នុងថ្នាក់ពាក្យ (សរសេរ "វាក្យ" ជាបែបបទបុរាណដែលខ្មែរលែងសូវប្រើ តែសម័យអង្គរគឺនិយមអក្សរ "វ" ក្នុងបរិបទអក្សរ "ព" បច្ចុប្បន្ន) ជានាម ( ន. ) មនុស្ស​ដែល​កំដឹង​ទ្រព្យ​គេ គឺ​មនុស្ស​ដែល​ទាល់​ក្រ ហើយ​ទៅ​ខ្ចី​ទ្រព្យ​គេ​មក​ចិញ្ចឹម​ជីវិត រក​សង​គេ​មិន​បាន យក​ខ្លួន​ទៅ​នៅ​បម្រើ​គេ ឬ មាតា​​បិតា​ចំពាក់​ទ្រព្យ​គេ​ឲ្យ​កូន​ទៅ​នៅ​បម្រើ​គេ, កូន​នោះ​ក៏​ឈ្មោះ​ថា​ខ្ញុំ​គេ : មនុស្ស​ខ្ញុំ​គេ (មាន​តែ​ពី​ដើម, ក្នុង​សម័យ​នេះ​លើក​លែង​មិន​ឲ្យ​មាន; ពាក្យ​គួរ​សម​ហៅ​ជា​បាលី​ភាសា​ថា ទាសា, ទាសី “ខ្ញុំ​ប្រុស, ខ្ញុំ​ស្រី”) ។ ដូចនេះសបញ្ជាក់អោយឃើញថាក្រោយសម័យអង្គរគឺមានការផ្លាស់ប្ដូរបរិបទសង្គមខ្មែរយ៉ាងខ្លាំង ហើយពាក្យដែលមានឋានៈខ្ពង់ខ្ពស់ត្រូវចាត់ទុកជាពាក្យអសុរសក្នុងសង្គមទៅវិញ តែប្រជាជនខ្មែរនៅតែនិយមប្រើពាក្យ "អញ" ដែលអ្នកដទៃចាត់ថាអសុរសឬមិនពីរោះស្ដាប់។
ពិិតជាអាចបែបនេះផងទើបខ្មែរជាប់តែចំណងពឹងគេនិិងនៅក្រោមគេរហូតតាំងពីមហានគរចុះអន់ខ្សោយ! តើពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ត្រូវអោយប្រើជំនួសពាក្យ "អញ"នៅសម័យណា? ហេតុដូចម្ដេចបានជាត្រូវយកពាក្យនេះមកប្រើចំពោះខ្មែរ? នរណាជាអ្នកអោយប្រើ?
សូមអភ័យទោសនេះគ្រាន់តែការយល់ឃើញតាមសម្រាយពាក្យដែលបានបរិយាយខាងលើ!

Monday, August 7, 2017

Some facts of Khmer (Khom coming from the word Komvuchaktes or Kompuchea) in the Reign of King Jayavarman VII

Angkor (អង្គរឬនគរ) capital is Preah Nokor Yasotheakreakbureak (ฺព្រះនគរយសោធរបុរៈ) of Kompuchea (កម្វុជទេសឬ កម្ពុជា អានថាកម-វុ-ជៈ-ទេស ឬ កម-ពុ-ជា)which is shortened to be Khom ខម (Khmer) calling by Shan or Sham, Shyam Ko (ស្យាមកុក = Sham Guo ដែលចិនហៅថា ស៊ានឡ Xian Luo គឺអំបូរជនជាតិសាន Shan). Sham Guo is the name of people which Khmer called new immigrant from south of China! Khmer, Kuy, Khmu, Mon....are the local residents within this empire! King Jayavarman VII used to be a monk at Sri Lanka and had powerful control over Pegu (Preah Ko-ក្រុងព្រះគោ) of Monហង្សាវតី, ល្វោធ្យបុរៈ (លពបុរីធ្លាប់គ្រប់គ្រងដោយបុត្រាជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧), សុខោទ័យ, សុវណ្ណបុរៈ (អូរទងឬ សុផាន់បុរី), មានខែត្រជាច្រើនទៀត។
នៅជំនាន់ព្រះកម្រតេង(ចៅ)អញ ជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧​ បើតាមសិលាចារឹកនៅប្រាសាទតាព្រហ្ម (បកស្រាយដោយអ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវជាតិថៃបច្ចុប្បន្ន) ក្សត្រអង្គនេះគឺព្រះរាជាទ្រង់ស្ថាបនាព្រះជយ (ជៈយៈឬជ័យៈ) ពុទ្ធនាថនៅទិសបូវ៌ាស (បូព៌ា) នៃវិហារទាំង២៣ ក្នុងតំបន់មួយចំនួនរួមមាន ៖
ស្រីជ័យរាជធានី (ស្រុកជ័យាខេត្តសុរាស្រ្ដធានីជាប់ព្រំប្រទល់ខេត្តនគរស្រីធម្មរាជ?)
ជយរាជបុរី (រាជបុរីំ?) 
សម្រេន្ទ ឬ សំរេន្ទ (សុរិន្ទ?)
ល្វោធ្យបុរៈ (លពបុរី)
ស្រីជយាសិង្ហបុរី (សិង្ហបុរី?) 
ស្រីជយាសិង្ហវតី (កញ្ចនបុរី?) 
ស្រីជយវីរវតី (នគរបឋមឬដែលត្រូវហៅថាទ្វារវតី?) 
ស្រីជយ័ន្តគិរី (ប្រជួបគិរីខ័ណ្ឌ?)
សម្ភុបត្តនៈ (សម្ភុបុរៈនៃក្រចេះ?)
ស្រីជយវ័ជ្របុរី (ពេជ្របុរី?)
ស្រីជយស្ដម្ភបុរី (បស្ចិមបុរី?)
ស្រីជយរាជគិរី
ស្រីជយវីរបុរី
ស្រីជយវ័ជ្រវតី 
ស្រីជយករទិបុរី 
ស្រីជយក្សេមបុរី
ស្រីវិជ្យាធិបុរី
ស្រីជយសិង្ហគ្រាម
មធ្យមគ្រាមកៈ
អសង្គ្រាម (អយុធ្យា?)
ស្រីជយបុរី
វិហាររោតកៈ (ព្រះវិហារ?)
សុវណ្ណបុរៈ (សុផាន់បុរី)

Wednesday, August 31, 2016

My Perspectives on Unemployment in Cambodia

Cambodia is developing at a fast pace, but let's see how the unemployment here really is. After losing a job since April 2016, I've been experiencing a big loss and failure to start new career. What's matters? Let's me briefly write down my own experience.

The first challenges to find new job in Phnom Penh is networking. Most jobs here are well-known for networking other than outsourcing to look for new candidate. Some jobs is not shown to public or some shown to public, but still asking for networking to find new staffs, so most opportunities go to people with good networks. What's really networking? Networking refers to people known in the cycle of close communication within the group of people. The reason I fail to do network because I don't like out-going events often. However, does it really mean lonely person cannot work? It seems error in this system based on my own perspectives. I have more than five year working experience and two bachelor degree, but some companies doesn't look at my job application at all. It doesn't mean I am proud to have this, but just wonder. After sending out, what I get most is silence, except few companies giving me a chance for interview. Similarly, I fail without knowing the real reasons behind. Is anything error because of I stop working too long? That's the question. I have heard that people don't work for a period of 1 year up will not consider for new job opportunity as those companies said they are not qualified anymore. How about their education more than 22 years and more years of experience before vacation? Do you really agree on this point that people spend more than 20 years within education and work lost their knowledge and capabilities within 1 year? Are they really not qualified or is HR system in Cambodia error? How about their blank period they use for review their knowledge and experience as well as to think about new opportunities? I just wanna drag attention on this ideas whether  there is any fix to this system or job market in Cambodia is too small for our human resource. Cambodia is not smart to manage their own labor force at all; they don't manage well on their existing resource for developing, but just said Cambodia need human resource most for specialized labor skills such as construction, engineering and so on. Every year thousand of young labor forces go to other countries for job opportunities and totally more than 1 million people go overseas to work by today. Is it really good to move out? Cambodia doesn't create opportunity for people who lost their way on the employment. I don't see much support and effort from our government to solve this issue well. When people don't work, it is not only meaning that that person or family having an issue, but the society who wastes their human resource or labor force with specific skill to run their economic activities.

The second challenge on employment is appearance I think. I just realize it is harder if you look not well because people in Cambodia nowadays still value the outer appearance other than inner soul of people. They judge others based on their own ideas starting from the appearance. If someone doesn't look good, not much value is given to those people. It should be one lesson on this issue as it happens in other countries. One guy didn't look good, but he had million of dollars to buy a car. The service officer looked down on him. Later, he came to buy that most expensive car to use in his farm. That's the lesson that we can learn that Cambodian society should change this concept. I am not 100 per cent saying you are wrong, but it seems just error. I think this concept that value more on appearance is killing good human resources in Cambodia. Or does Cambodia maybe have too many labor force over its need?

The last challenge is corporate culture, job announcement and form. Some jobs require to change religion like from Buddhism to Christianity. I don't think Cambodia has taken good action to response to this issue. Cambodia is said to have freedom of religion, but this country is allowing others to change their own religion like from Buddhism to Christianity and Buddhism to Islam while it is compulsory that Khmer cannot reject if they want the offer. Other things is working hour. Labor law stated only 40 hours per week, but different institutions has different working hour that mostly over 40 hours per week including force over time without proper compensation. Ministry of labor never monitor well on this issues. Some companies require additional language from their own countries like Thai, French, Vietnamese, Chinese..... while most customers can use English and Khmer so well. Talking about job announcement is too much to describe. One simple position, but seeing only job description is less attractive and too much duties that candidates are fear to apply while the real job is not that difficult. Some jobs require 1 experience up that doesn't give opportunities to fresh graduate who has no experience to apply at all. Besides job application, the form has to be completed. We already details in CV, but still we need to spend much time on forms. It's strange and waste of time. In addition, salary is the main issue here. I started my salary 250$ since 4 years ago, but today some companies offer me close to 250$ for just changing position within the same industry and take a vacation for 4 months. What I mean is does the government take action for any update to job condition in Cambodia? Is it too much on this issue? Value of human resource in Cambodia is never updated in term of salary while pricing for products and service is updating everyday. Even the school fee is higher and higher every year, but starting salary for bachelor graduate is still less than 200$ or around 250$. Just based on my experience, it is so important to raise concerned for motivation of human resource in Cambodia. Although it is free market, we should not let thing happen in this way because this is 2016 that the world is changing including Cambodia.

Last but not least, unemployment in Cambodia is really hot issues that the government should help their own human resource or labor force to get better condition in the job market or to create opportunities to deal with those who lost their employment because of business politics. Writing this is I am asking for help to deal with issues that link to my own experience. I strongly hope Cambodia for better and better.

Wednesday, August 10, 2016

Original Music and Song from Cambodia 2016



Cambodia is among the old culture in South East Asia. What can we see from this country? It should be noted that this small country used to dominate the almost the whole territories in mainland South East Asia and gave life to many new cultures on its old territories and culture. Cambodia was the key contact between South East Asian Kingdom to the world since the first century AD. The residents here has been so creative since then due to good communication and cultural exchange through trade and relationship to larger kingdom around the world. The first most famous international port of Cambodia was O Keo Port (Oc Eo) in Southern Vietnam today and what we have been hearing the most is the traditional music flourished in the peak of Angkor Khmer Empire that until now music is the still the part of life in this country. The tastes of music are traditional and modern (oldies and original). The traditional music mainly serves for the traditional ceremony, wedding, and so on; the oldies music reflects the creativity of first modern music to Cambodia after French Colonialism until mid 1970s while the new modern original music has just been revived by young Cambodian recently.

The original music in Cambodia today has been getting influence from its oldies modern music, world music today and their own creativity in music talent along with good musical training and lesson. We have seen many private schools now offers classes for young Cambodian to have a chance to learn and advance their musical skill to challenge the world that Cambodian music is not really copied from the world, but we get influenced. Cambodian music got its peak once before the war and had many talented musician and lyricists. Most famous celebrity before the war are Has Salorn, Voy Ho, Sinn Sisamouth, King Norodom Sihanouk, Svay Som Oeur, Om Dora, Kim Sam El, Som Sakhorn, Sos Math ... There are thousand of song with original oldies music:

- ផ្ការីកលើមេឃ (Blossom in the Sky by Ros Sereysothea)

- រាំកម្សាន្ដចិន្ដា (Dance for Your Happiness by Pen Ran)

- ទ្វីស ទ្វីស ខ្ញុំ (Oh! My Love! Twist! Twist! by Chum Kem)

- ខឹងព្រោះស្រលាញ់ (Angry Cos of Love by Sinn Sisamouth)

- រាត្រីសេកុង (Sekong Night by Huy Meas), etc.
















For the attention, what kind of original music today do young Cambodians get to their fan? Haha.... They are really cool! You Know! The creativity in original music and song is getting attention from Cambodian fan so much because we really hate the word "Copy", especially music from neighboring countries like Thailand and Vietnam. Honestly, those influenced song are not really copied, but just cover and sometimes we saw different meaning of the song. It means mostly we got influence in term of music. Not only today, but the past each country exchanged their taste of music cos it's new and modern; everyone just wanna learn how to do it. Something new coming, they cover with their own style. Anyway, we are really sorry that we want more original music and song because talent is here in Cambodia today. Why does we need to get influenced so much? Let's strive to create our own music! Hehe...... Yeah! Young Cambodians this year get high score from fan because their music shows the creativity and nature of Cambodian musical tastes playing with western instruments; sometimes they remix with traditional and oldies music. Wow! So interesting! There are some famous songs with original music today such as:

- ចង់ក្បែរ (Wanna Be Close by Mam Picherith),

- អស្ចារ្យណាស់កម្ពុជា (Amazing Cambodia by ADDA Angel)

- លួចស្នេហ៍ដួងច័ន្ទ (Love Crush - Remix Oldies and New Style by Tena)

- ទីនេះមានមនុស្សខូចចិត្ត (Broken Heart Person is Here by ADDA Angel and Heng Pitou)

- ម្នាក់ឯងរហូត (Forever Alone by Ma Chanpanha)

- ខ្ញុំជាអ្នកខេត្តបាត់ដំបង (I am from Battambang by Neebernea or Eam Vanny)

- ឆឺត! ឆឺត! បុណ្យភូមិ  (Happy! Happy! Phumi New Year! by Khmeng Khmer)

- ទង់ជាតិខ្មែរ (Oh! Khmer flag by Small World Small Band)

- វិលវិញមក (Please Come Back by Pheng Suly)

- រៀបការនឹងបងបានទេ (Marry Me by Oun)

- រាំញីកែងជើង (Dance with Your Heel by G-Devith and Pich Sorphea)

- ច្រណែនគេដែលមិនមែនជាខ្ញុំ (Jealous that You are Not Me by Run Syra)

- នឹកអូនបានត្រឹមស្រមៃ (Miss You only in the Dream by Oung Soria)

- ឃ្លាតពីគ្នា (We Are Getting Away by Patthana Narunrath ft YT)

- ទឹកចិត្ត (Our Heart by Ponleur and Socheat), etc.

Original Music by Cambodian youth in 2016 is the good start for Cambodia to stronger its musical talent and fame like South Korea. Cambodia is surely improved from time to time and the golden age of music is getting back to its way. Thanks to all Cambodian youth and professionals who keep it up for better Cambodia with original music! Su su! :)

By: Pok Panhavuth










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