Sunday, August 13, 2017

Threats Contributed to The Collapse of Khmer Empire (Angkor Golden Age)




The oldest empire in mainland SouthEast Asia is Khmer Empire (Cambodia Today) starting from famous state, Nokor Phnom Kingdom (Funan) in the A.D. first century to A.D. 6th Century and then Komvuchak or Kompuchea (Chenla and Angkor) from A.D. 6th Century to the early A.D. 15th century. That is the point for the collapse of this strong empire. The golden era of this empire is between A.D. 802 to early A.D. fifteenth century. What to brief here is about how strong Khmer Empire collapsed. After reading and researching from various sources, we can assume some criteria for the fall of Angkor Capital (Yasotharakburak Royal Capital as heart of Khmer Empire).

The main factor of the fall of Khmer Empire is the pressure from coming new power of the north, Mongol Empire. There are many kingdoms around the world collapsed by army of Mongol, except Khmer Empire. However, Mongolian army didn't overcome Khmer army, but they did create the strategy for the continuous effects to the later fall of Khmer Empire. The only thing we can see is Khmer King sent a lot of Khmer armies to fight off Mongol in the north bordering with China at that time while Mongol already occupied there. Due to difficulty of the strategic geography in the north of Khmer Empire and her strong army during the reign of King Jayavarman VII, Mongolian failed to come to the south that is Khmer Empire. Anyway, to bring the peace to the region, the later Khmer King sent ambassadors to sign peace agreement with Mongol Empire by paying a tribute in exchange for peace in the mainland South East Asia. Mongolian King demanded a lot of wealth and a jar of liver and gall bladder from Khmer people. This evidence is known with discussion by recent Khmer historian about the jar of Khmer people's liver and gall bladder as tribute happened when Zhou Da Guan came to Angkor capital to take the tributes from Khmer to Mongol King in China and a jar of Khmer resident's liver and gall bladder that was said to take two times (Zhou Da Guan didn't agree on the first jar of liver and gall bladder by giving reason that that jar of liver and gall bladder was not from Khmer people and demanded Khmer King to take the liver and gall bladder again for a new jar). This picture shows the first loss of treasure and human life from Khmer Empire to Mongol Empire. We can describe that the reason behind this is Mongolian King wanted to lower down Khmer Empire that he wasn't able to overcome as other Kingdoms around the world. In revenge for the big loss of battle field with Khmer army, Mongolian started to help Annamese (Vietnam Today) to stronger their kingdom moving towards the south that is Champa and Khmer Empire. Also, Mongolian tribes mixed with Chinese tribes together strengthened other ethnics in the north area of Khmer Empire to reinforce their local army in order to move southward and to separate small states under Khmer Empire to be independent mixing with leaders of Mongolian-Chinese ethnics including Shan and Tibeto-Burman. Mongolian army supported these ethnics to fight and break off the territory of Khmer Empire and relative Kingdoms like Mon Kingdom and Champa Kingdom as a good example. Tibeto-Burman occupied Mon Kingdom while Annamese occupied Champa and until later also occupied the southern territory of Khmer Empire (South Cambodia or Kompuchea Krom).

Now let's continue talking about the Khmer Empire. Besides the loss power on the tribute states like Mon and Champa Kingdom, Khmer Empire saw a big threat occurring within her empire is Siam (Shan who Khmer King allowed to live in the northern area of Khmer Empire as the army to protect the whole empire along with Khmer army) and Lao (Shan tribes mixed with local Khmer-Mon ethnics like Mon, Khmer, Khmu, Kuy and Lammet). In fact, Lao and Siam leaders were coming from the same ethnic group of Shan, ethnics from southern China, but most local residents of their new kingdom are Khmer, Mon, Khmu Lammet, Kuy, other Khmer-Mon ethnics and small portion are Shan ethnics. 

The tribute Lao King township (King Pha Ngom who used to study in Angkor City and got married with princess of Khmer King along with 500 Khmer people specialized in arts and army) was prepared by Khmer King Jayavarman VII to create a strong battle field if Mongolian army came again, but later it became the big threat to Khmer Empire. Lao who was encouraged by newly separated Kingdom in the north with the support from Mongolian and kingship skills from Khmer Empire started to move southward and got many territories of Khmer Empire when the central power of Khmer Empire in Angkor Royal Capital (Preah Nokor Yasotharakburak) started to gradually collapsed. Lao created the new kingdom on Khmer territories called Lan Chang. Some Lao armies also occupied Mon Kingdom, Haribunjaya, and created new Kingdom known as Lanna Kingdom later gave birth to Chiang Mai Kingdom bordering with Sokhortey City (Sukhothai Kingdom). However, Chiang Mai Kingdom later was taken by Thailand at the end of 19th Century. Lao today is surely coming from the bloodline of Khmer, Khmu, Lammet and some portion of Shan tribe, Mongolian-Chinese Tribes (Tai-Kadai Ethnics).

Khmer Empire also saw other separated territories to become new independent within the empire like Sokhortey Khmer City (Later known as Sukhothai Kingdom under the Siam leader and his adopted Khmer Royal Prince, Ponhea Rong, Aka Phra Rong in Thai History), Sovannburak Khmer City (Suphanburi Kingdom or later know as Ou Thong Kingdom) and Lvothayakburak Khmer City (Lopburi and Ayuthaya Kingdom). These separated states from Khmer Empire after nearly one generation pass (100 years) of the death of King Jayavarman VII or 70 years after the coming Zhou Da Guan. With this view, we can see that Khmer Empire completely lost control on Chao Phraya basin from this period and had only stronghold in Nokor Reach Seima (Phimai or Vimai) for the northwestern area of Khmer Empire (now known as northeastern and western part of Thailand). In fact, Lvothayaburak or Lavo Kingdom and Sovannburak were still Khmer Royal related Family leading the region, but just they separated for another religion purpose that King of Angkor at that time (after Jayavarman VII) had conflict of religion between Buddhism from old reign of King Jayavarman VII and strong old religion, Hindu Religion. These separated states might want to preserve Buddhism as the bases of life with the motivation from Khmer-Siam King in Sukhothai who also sent their Khmer-Siam Royal Family to marry with Sovannburak Khmer Royal Family to control Suphanburi Kingdom and later Khmer-Siam Suphanburi Royal Family to marry with Khmer Lvothayaburak Royal Family to create new Khmer-Siam Royal Family for Kingdom in old Khmer Akyuthyea City. Later, Suphanburi Kingdom created Ou Thong Kingdom that occupied Akyuthyea Kingdom and created Ayuthaya Kingdom under the new King from Royal Khmer-Siam Royal Family line from Suphanburi. In order to give up on Khmer Empire line and adopted line from Siam of new Sukhothai Kingdom, this new king change their citizenship to Siam of all people in this new kingdom. At last, we can see two strong new kingdoms in Chao Phraya Basin were Ayuthaya Kingdom and Sukhothai Kingdom that relatively siblings separated successfully from Khmer Empire as planned and encouraged by Mongol Empire's concept. However, we can be sure that those residents in this basin are most from Khmer and Mon mixed with small portion of Shan ehtnics who used to live in Khmer Empire known as Siam and even King also coming from the bloodline of Khmer mixed with Siam. Their new Kingdom still used Khmer language in the royal communication and local people also use Khmer mixed with Siam newly created language (First created in Sukhothai by innovating on Khmer alphabet and vowels mixed with Mon and Shan language in the north area of Khmer Empire, but they still lacked of some characteristics to be the new qualified language, but they did after several sack of Khmer Capital from 15th to 16th Century for Khmer Literature). That came to the big threat for Angkor Capital that already weakened by the big loss of territories, people and tributes to support the Empire for mass construction and government. Also, King from Ayuthaya Kingdom successfully attacked Angkor Capital two times that really weakened Khmer Empire to collapse of Khmer golden age. After successfully sacked Angkor Capital of Khmer Empire, Ayuthaya Kingdom collected wealth, magical statues (now in Mandalay after Burmese army sacked of Ayuthaya Kingdom) and materials (Yant and tatoo) of Khmer Angkor, literature of Khmer along with Pali Sanskrit, arts and artists, army strategy, good ideology of Hindu religion (Devaraja and kingship), city planning documents and also fleeing hundred thousands of Khmer family to their new Kingdom. In this point, debates on Thai people today come from where should be briefly clarified that they are mostly bloodline from Khmer mixed with some portion of Mon, Lao and Shan (Siam). Another big success of Ayuthaya Kingdom was the successful sack of the strongest Long Vek Khmer Capital in the end of 16th Century with the trick of Golden Coin (Prak Duong), Siam Ayuthaya Kingdom (Preah Norensuan of Royal Family bloodline from both Ayuthaya Kingdom and Sukhthai Kingdom with warring skills under Burmese King Bayinnaung's adoption that later gained the independence for Ayuthaya Kindom from Burma and this king started to forget the bloodline of Khmer-Siam Royal Family) was so cruel at this time by destroying Khmer capital tortured and killed hundred thousands of Khmer people from Long Vek during the attack and fleeing them to Ayuthaya Kingdom. This time, Ayuthaya Kingdom also hit the jackpot for taking from Khmer Kingdom lots of treasures, Khmer Arts and artists, literature of Khmer Language and Pali Sankrit (Khmer Language Yanta which later known as Khom Alphabet on Yanta in Thailand today), Preah Ko and Preah Keo Magical Statues and hundred thousand of Khmer residents. The word, Siam, they called themselves and Khmer also called is derived from Shan commander (Shyam Guo) lived in Khmer Empire during the Golden Age of Angkor, but their real citizenship most is Khmer bloodline. Why millions of Lao in Thailand today because in the reign of King Fa Ngom went on war with neighboring country to enlarge his territories, he sent hundred thousand residents out towards the south and during the recent war, Lao also moved in another time with the permission of Siam King in 18th and 19th century along with Chinese to Thailand for their escape of the wars and to mixed with local residents who had bloodline mostly from Khmer and some of Mon (Siam King in 18th and 19th century also encouraged Mon people fleeing from Mon States to move to Lopburi and central Thailand today as well). It should be noticed that Thailand today still preserved the ideology of Devaraja and Hindu, ancient religion of Khmer-Mon (Ghost and Ancestor) mixed with Buddhism while Khmer in Cambodia nearly gives up and adopts only Hinayana Buddhism derived from Mahayana Buddhism of Khmer in the reign of King Jayavarman VII. 

Another reason for the fall of Khmer Empire in the golden age of Angkor was the religion conflict that we can guess that Khmer King and Khmer Royal Family in other strong cities within Empire had broken relationship between the reign of King Jayavarman VII (Mahayana Buddhism) and King Jayavarman VIII (Hindu Region). King Jayavarman VII tried his best to recover Khmer Empire after the sack of Angkor from Champa army. He chose Buddhism with his experience to be a monk in Sri Lanka and motivated by his in-law Mon Royal Family from Preah Ko (Pegu) which their princess married him. We are not sure who was this princess because during his reign only two famous women showed in history, Indradevi and Rajadevi as the Queen. That's why in Chinese records showed that King Jayavarman VII also had powerful control over Mon Kingdom of Pegu. However, some researchers believed with the Chinese historical record that this might be the trick that King of Pegu wanted to lower the power of Khmer Empire by changing the religion from Devaraja to Buddhism and also lowering the power of Khmer King in Angkor. This might be true after the change of religion, Khmer Empire got lots of internal conflict after the reign of King Jayavarman VII who was the only one to successfully complete his project with Mahayana Buddhism. Also, this is the first time in Khmer history that Khmer King got influence from his Queen of other states for the leadership on the Khmer Empire. Due to the effect of ideology from Mahayana Buddhism on the Devaraja of Khmer King, King Jayavarman VIII quickly ordered the prohibition of Mahayana Buddhism and destroyed many Buddhist statues within the Khmer Empire, especially Preah Nokor Yasotharakburak (Angkor Capital). However, it's already late and in return it gave the opportunities and the reason for some town Kingship to separate from Khmer Empire including Sokhortey (Sukhothai firstly separated by Siam Leader who ousted Khmer Governor there and established new Siam Kingdom), and by Khmer local township governor of Sovanburak (Suphanburi) and Lvothayakburak (Lopburi and Akyuthyea) and other territories in the north of Khmer Empire (Laos today) lost gradually after that. 

The last reason was the over population and mass city expansion and construction leading to the deforestation that in return causing the climate change in the region while water reservoirs might be deteriorated with the destruction of old achievement from the reign of Jayavarman VII and careless attention on those water irrigation system due to internal conflicts. The loss of residents' life on mass construction, large expenses, agricultural problems, health issue and the shortage of food for the increasing population. The big issues to the fall of Khmer Empire is the lost territories gradually along with people and tribute which usually supported the royal capital. The diseases also occurred to kill hundred thousand of Khmer people in the city. We can also notice that it might be enemy tried to destroy irrigation system leading to the weakened power of the royal city easily for later attack from the external forces.

Please further research! This is based on personal understanding from Khmer, Thai and other researchers that come together for this information!







Tuesday, August 8, 2017

Perception on the Name of Funan, Chen La, Chen Li Fu related to Cambodia​​ and Today

Funan is what? Fu in Chinese language refers to the abundance of natural resources or wealth while Nan refers to the south! In this case, Funan which Chinese record on Cambodia in the first century is really suitable for this meaning! Another thing is Funan is really similar to Phnom due to Chinese took only the ending word from Khmer Empire's name.
Chenla "ចេនឡា" is what? I don't really know about its meaning yet, but I do notice from what it is derived from. Khmer at this in 6th century, King Pheakveak Vorman changed our country to Komvo Cheak (Tes) "កម្វុជទេស ឬ កម្វុជៈ". In this case, Chinese noticed only the last word is Cho ak that they seemed to find only the suitable word is Chen Lak cos most Chinese usually used "L" in their words. That at last, they called Cambodia as Chen La. Another thing is Chinese also called in another word is Chen Li Fu, remixed between Chen La and Funan that they referred to the same country, Chen La Fu nan (Chen Li Fu). This name is still doubted by some Thai researchers as they have never known about our Khmer word and Chinese word used for our country name.
"ហ្វូណន" មានន័យពិតថា ទឹកដីសម្បូរបែបនៅភាគខាងត្បូងដែលស្រដៀងនឹងឈ្មោះនគរខ្មែរបុរាណគឺ "នគរភ្នំ"។ តើខ្មែរនៅតែហៅរដ្ឋកត់ត្រាដោយអ្នកប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្ដដំបូងថាហ្វូណនតទៅទៀតឬយ៉ាងណា? ហើយគួរស្នើអោយមានការកែតម្រូវឈ្មោះនេះដែរឬទេក្នុងនាមយើងជាម្ចាស់ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្ដ? នគរភ្នំពិតជាឈ្មោះដើមរបស់ប្រទេសខ្មែរមុននឹងប្ដូរមកជា "កម្វុជទេស ឬ កម្វុជៈ" នៅគ្រឹស្ដសករាជសតវត្សទី៦ ដែលបន្តមកត្រូវហៅដោយចិនថា "ចេនឡា" ("ជៈ" ខ្មែរអានថា "ជាក់ = ជៀ + អាក់" ដែលចិនអាន"ជៀ" មិនច្បាស់សំឡេងជា "ចេន" និង ប៉ៃឡាំៗៗប្រើ អក្សរ "ល" ឬ "ឡ" ច្រើន "អាក់" ប្រែ "ឡៈ" ទៅ​ជា "ចេនឡៈ" ដែលអាចក្លាយជា "ចេនឡា") រហូតសូម្បីនៅពេលដែលជូវ តាក្វាន់មកក្រុងអង្គរក៏នៅហៅខ្មែរថា "ចេនឡា" (ខ្មែរមិនប្ដូរឈ្មោះនគរតាំងពីគ្រឺស្ដសករាជសតវត្សទី៦មក) នាចុងសតវត្សទី១៣ដើម្បីមកនាំសួយសារអាករដែលខ្មែរស្នើទៅម៉ុងហ្គោលថានឹងព្រមប្រគល់អោយជាថ្នូរនឹងការដែលម៉ុងហ្គោលឈប់លុកលុយទឹកដីខ្មែរតទៅទៀត។ នៅពេលនោះហើយដែលម៉ុងហ្គោលបញ្ជាអោយមានការខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ខ្មែរស្រស់ៗជាច្រើនដាក់ក្នុងក្រឡជាវត្ថុមួយក្នុងចំណោមមាសប្រាក់ដំរីជាសួយសារអាករត្រូវនាំយកទៅ។ ចំណុចនេះ ជូវ តាក្វាន់បានសរសេរថាខ្មែរខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ខ្មែរស្រស់យកទៅថ្វាយស្ដេចចាម តែតាមការពិភាក្សាពិនិត្យពិច័យអោយដិតដល់តាមអ្នកជំនាញប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រខ្មែរគឺការខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់ពិតទៅថ្វាយស្ដេចម៉ុងហ្គោលមិនមែនស្ដេចចាមព្រោះពេលនោះចាមអស់អំណាចហើយថែមទាំងនៅក្រោមខ្មែរតាំងតែរាជ្យជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧ ហើយថែមទាំងចំពេលជូវ តាក្វាន់មកយកសួយសារអាករទៀត។ រឿងអីខ្មែរត្រូវនាំសួយសារអាករទៅចាម? មួយចំណុចនៃការបកស្រាយគឺថ្នាំចិនសែប្រើប្រម៉ាត់មនុស្សជាឱសថយ៉ាងពូកែ សូម្បីសម័យប៉ុល ពតក៏ពួកចិនសែជាអ្នកខ្វេះប្រម៉ាត់អ្នកទោសខ្មែរថែមទៀតផង។ ប្រវត្តិសាស្រ្តពិតនាំអោយខ្មែរល្មមដឹងនរណានៅពីក្រោយខ្នងការដួលរលំអំណាចព្រះនគរខ្មែរនៃរាជធានីយសោធរបុរៈ។ តើពួកស្យាមកុក (សៀម សាននិងលាវ) មកពីណា? ពួកនេះមានទំនាក់ទំនងអីនឹងពួកម៉ុងហ្គោល? ហេតុដូចម្ដេចបានជាតុងកឹង(វៀតណាមសព្វថ្ងៃ) ចាប់ផ្ដើមខ្លាំងតាំងពីជួបអធិរាជម៉ុងហ្គោលដោយលេបបានទាំងទឹកដីចាមនិិងខ្មែរក្រោមដែលសុទ្ធតែធ្លាប់នៅក្រោមការគ្រប់គ្រងរបស់ព្រះនគរខ្មែរយសោធរបុរៈ?
អ្វីដែលគួរអោយកត់សម្គាល់គឺតាំងពីព្រះនគរខ្មែរយសោធរបុរៈចុះខ្សោយ រដ្ឋតូចៗជាច្រើនបំបែកចេញពីខ្មែរ ហើយក្នុងរដ្ឋតូចៗទាំងនោះគ្រប់ទីកន្លែងគឺមានលំហូរជនជាតិអំបូរចិនម៉ុងហ្គោលចុះមកជាហូរហែនៅវាលទំនាបមេណាម​ (មេទឹកចៅព្រះរាជា ឬ ចៅផ្រះយ៉ា) និងតាមវៀតណាមក៏មានពួកចោរសមុទ្រចិិនចុះមកនៅដល់កម្ពុជាក្រោមរបស់ខ្មែរដែលពួកនេះជួយវៀតណាមជាងខ្មែររហូតទឹកដីនេះត្រូវផ្ដាច់ចេញពីខ្មែរ។ អំបូរចិនមិនមែនចុះត្រឹមខ្មែរតែគឺចុះមកដល់សាំងហ្គាពួរជាឩទាហរណ៍ដែលជារដ្ឋជនជាតិចិននៅអាស៊ីអាគ្នេយ៍និងម៉ាឡេស៊ីសឹងតែមានជម្លោះជាតិសាសន៍ថែមទៀតផង។ ចំណែកនៅខ្មែរ បើសម័យប៉ុល ពតបន្តនឹងមានការបង្កាត់ពូជខ្មែរចិនដើម្បីបង្កើតប្រទេសថ្មី ប្រជាជនថ្មីដូចមានអ្នកដឹងស្រាប់ក្នុងការមានសហជីវិនប្រុសៗចិនចូលមកបង្កាត់ពូជតាមគោលគំនិតជ្រុលនិយមរបស់ប៉ុលពតដែលជឿស៊ុបគោលនយោបាយលោតផ្លោះមហាអស្ចារ្យតែក៏គឺមហារលាយសម្រាប់ជនជាតិខ្មែរដែលជួបមេដឹកនាំស្រមើស្រមៃមិនដឹងខ្យល់អីពីប្រវត្តិសាស្ត្រពិត។ អ្នកដែលនៅពីក្រោយពិតអ្នកគ្រប់គ្នាគួរដឹងថាជានរណា? ហេតអ្វីខ្មែរត្រូវមានសង្គ្រាមក្នុងសម័យសង្គមរាស្រ្តនិយម? នរណាជំរុញអោយស្ដេចសីហនុលូកដៃក្នុងសង្គ្រាមវៀតណាមដោយយកខ្មែរជាមូលដ្ឋានទ័ព? ហើយខ្មែរទៅផ្លូវណាក៏រងគ្រោះ? អាមេរិកទម្លាក់គ្រាប់បែកហើយវៀតណាមក៏លុកលុយប្រើធនធានធ្វើអោយសេដ្ឋកិច្ចខ្មែរសម័យនោះធ្លាក់ចុះងើបមុខលែងរួច? នរណាបន្លឺពាក្យចចាមអារាមអោយកើតចលាចលកើតរបបសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរដែលអោយដៃរបបខ្មែរក្រហមឡើងកាន់អំណាចទៅជាជ្រុលនិយមដើរតាមនយោបាយមហាលោតផ្លោះដូចចិននាំអោយប្រជាជនស្លាប់រង្គាលនិងចង់បង្កាត់ពូជខ្មែរនិងចិនទៅជាប្រជាជនថ្មី? ហើយតើសព្វថ្ងៃនៅឥណ្ឌូចិននេះ រ៉ែអ្វីខ្លះដែលត្រូវគេបូមមិនចេះឈប់ឈរនិងដោយនរណាជាពិសេស? "កុំមើលតែអ្នកជិត តែភ្លេចអ្នកឆ្ងាយ"

Perception on Khmer Word "អញ" and "ខ្ញុំ"

"អញ" មិនមែនជាពាក្យអសុរស បើយើងសង្កេតទៅលើការប្រើប្រាស់ពាក្យបុរាណខ្មែរតែមានឋានៈខ្ពង់ខ្ពស់លើសគេ ឧទាហរណ៍ ព្រះកម្រតេងអញ (ព្រះចៅអញ)។ ចំណែកពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ជាពាក្យសម្រាប់អ្នកមានឋានៈទាបក្នុងសង្គមសម័យព្រះនគរយសោធរបុរៈប្រើព្រោះបញ្ជាក់ពីឋានៈក្នុងវណ្ណៈខ្ញុំព្រះឬពលព្រះ។ ឩទាហរណ៍ និយមន័យនៃពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ក្នុងវចនានុក្រមសម្ដេចសង្ឃរាជជោតញ្ញាណោ ជួន ណាត បានសម្រាយថាស្ថិតក្នុងថ្នាក់ពាក្យ (សរសេរ "វាក្យ" ជាបែបបទបុរាណដែលខ្មែរលែងសូវប្រើ តែសម័យអង្គរគឺនិយមអក្សរ "វ" ក្នុងបរិបទអក្សរ "ព" បច្ចុប្បន្ន) ជានាម ( ន. ) មនុស្ស​ដែល​កំដឹង​ទ្រព្យ​គេ គឺ​មនុស្ស​ដែល​ទាល់​ក្រ ហើយ​ទៅ​ខ្ចី​ទ្រព្យ​គេ​មក​ចិញ្ចឹម​ជីវិត រក​សង​គេ​មិន​បាន យក​ខ្លួន​ទៅ​នៅ​បម្រើ​គេ ឬ មាតា​​បិតា​ចំពាក់​ទ្រព្យ​គេ​ឲ្យ​កូន​ទៅ​នៅ​បម្រើ​គេ, កូន​នោះ​ក៏​ឈ្មោះ​ថា​ខ្ញុំ​គេ : មនុស្ស​ខ្ញុំ​គេ (មាន​តែ​ពី​ដើម, ក្នុង​សម័យ​នេះ​លើក​លែង​មិន​ឲ្យ​មាន; ពាក្យ​គួរ​សម​ហៅ​ជា​បាលី​ភាសា​ថា ទាសា, ទាសី “ខ្ញុំ​ប្រុស, ខ្ញុំ​ស្រី”) ។ ដូចនេះសបញ្ជាក់អោយឃើញថាក្រោយសម័យអង្គរគឺមានការផ្លាស់ប្ដូរបរិបទសង្គមខ្មែរយ៉ាងខ្លាំង ហើយពាក្យដែលមានឋានៈខ្ពង់ខ្ពស់ត្រូវចាត់ទុកជាពាក្យអសុរសក្នុងសង្គមទៅវិញ តែប្រជាជនខ្មែរនៅតែនិយមប្រើពាក្យ "អញ" ដែលអ្នកដទៃចាត់ថាអសុរសឬមិនពីរោះស្ដាប់។
ពិិតជាអាចបែបនេះផងទើបខ្មែរជាប់តែចំណងពឹងគេនិិងនៅក្រោមគេរហូតតាំងពីមហានគរចុះអន់ខ្សោយ! តើពាក្យ "ខ្ញុំ" ត្រូវអោយប្រើជំនួសពាក្យ "អញ"នៅសម័យណា? ហេតុដូចម្ដេចបានជាត្រូវយកពាក្យនេះមកប្រើចំពោះខ្មែរ? នរណាជាអ្នកអោយប្រើ?
សូមអភ័យទោសនេះគ្រាន់តែការយល់ឃើញតាមសម្រាយពាក្យដែលបានបរិយាយខាងលើ!

Monday, August 7, 2017

Some facts of Khmer (Khom coming from the word Komvuchaktes or Kompuchea) in the Reign of King Jayavarman VII

Angkor (អង្គរឬនគរ) capital is Preah Nokor Yasotheakreakbureak (ฺព្រះនគរយសោធរបុរៈ) of Kompuchea (កម្វុជទេសឬ កម្ពុជា អានថាកម-វុ-ជៈ-ទេស ឬ កម-ពុ-ជា)which is shortened to be Khom ខម (Khmer) calling by Shan or Sham, Shyam Ko (ស្យាមកុក = Sham Guo ដែលចិនហៅថា ស៊ានឡ Xian Luo គឺអំបូរជនជាតិសាន Shan). Sham Guo is the name of people which Khmer called new immigrant from south of China! Khmer, Kuy, Khmu, Mon....are the local residents within this empire! King Jayavarman VII used to be a monk at Sri Lanka and had powerful control over Pegu (Preah Ko-ក្រុងព្រះគោ) of Monហង្សាវតី, ល្វោធ្យបុរៈ (លពបុរីធ្លាប់គ្រប់គ្រងដោយបុត្រាជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧), សុខោទ័យ, សុវណ្ណបុរៈ (អូរទងឬ សុផាន់បុរី), មានខែត្រជាច្រើនទៀត។
នៅជំនាន់ព្រះកម្រតេង(ចៅ)អញ ជ័យវរ្ម័នទី៧​ បើតាមសិលាចារឹកនៅប្រាសាទតាព្រហ្ម (បកស្រាយដោយអ្នកស្រាវជ្រាវជាតិថៃបច្ចុប្បន្ន) ក្សត្រអង្គនេះគឺព្រះរាជាទ្រង់ស្ថាបនាព្រះជយ (ជៈយៈឬជ័យៈ) ពុទ្ធនាថនៅទិសបូវ៌ាស (បូព៌ា) នៃវិហារទាំង២៣ ក្នុងតំបន់មួយចំនួនរួមមាន ៖
ស្រីជ័យរាជធានី (ស្រុកជ័យាខេត្តសុរាស្រ្ដធានីជាប់ព្រំប្រទល់ខេត្តនគរស្រីធម្មរាជ?)
ជយរាជបុរី (រាជបុរីំ?) 
សម្រេន្ទ ឬ សំរេន្ទ (សុរិន្ទ?)
ល្វោធ្យបុរៈ (លពបុរី)
ស្រីជយាសិង្ហបុរី (សិង្ហបុរី?) 
ស្រីជយាសិង្ហវតី (កញ្ចនបុរី?) 
ស្រីជយវីរវតី (នគរបឋមឬដែលត្រូវហៅថាទ្វារវតី?) 
ស្រីជយ័ន្តគិរី (ប្រជួបគិរីខ័ណ្ឌ?)
សម្ភុបត្តនៈ (សម្ភុបុរៈនៃក្រចេះ?)
ស្រីជយវ័ជ្របុរី (ពេជ្របុរី?)
ស្រីជយស្ដម្ភបុរី (បស្ចិមបុរី?)
ស្រីជយរាជគិរី
ស្រីជយវីរបុរី
ស្រីជយវ័ជ្រវតី 
ស្រីជយករទិបុរី 
ស្រីជយក្សេមបុរី
ស្រីវិជ្យាធិបុរី
ស្រីជយសិង្ហគ្រាម
មធ្យមគ្រាមកៈ
អសង្គ្រាម (អយុធ្យា?)
ស្រីជយបុរី
វិហាររោតកៈ (ព្រះវិហារ?)
សុវណ្ណបុរៈ (សុផាន់បុរី)

La Ang Spean in Battambang, The Oldest Prehistoric Site in Cambodia

  Pre-history in Cambodia is really important to tell about the past of Cambodia (Kamboja / Kambuja / Kanbawza). Cambodia locates in the mai...